Araby

Introduction

Araby is a short story written by Irish novelist, short story writer, poet, teacher, and literary critic, James Joyce, between 1905 to 1907. Later on, it was published in his collection of short stories known as Dubliners in 1914.

This story revolves around a boy and recounts his disillusionment. The boy develops a big crush on his friend’s older sister. In order to get her attention, he seeks gifts for her in Araby market. However, in doing so, something brings an understanding of his epiphany.

Araby illustrates the tensions and issues of Ireland under British colonialism. It highlights political and social tumult rising as a result of the desire for freedom from British rule. Joyce also criticizes Catholic Churches. He pinpoints the flaws of Churches as well for not appropriately fulfilling its roles.

Araby Summary

The story takes place in the late 19th century in Dublin, on North Richmond Street. The unknown narrator lives in North Richmond Street. The street has a number of houses where religion seems to dominate the lives of the people. The narrator talks about the dead priest. The priest had some non-religious books which show that they were bothered by the religious restrictions.

Moreover, the street has a dead end and several houses along with a Christian Brother’s school, a Catholic school for boys are situated in this street. The street remains quiet, except when the schoolboys play in the street until dinner.

Further, the boys discussed in the story are all children but they are at the threshold of adulthood. They take interest in the world of adults around them. They watch the narrator’s uncle when he comes home from work, and they follow Mangan’s older sister. They are more inclined towards the opposite sex because they are eager to know more.

The sister of Mangan comes out regularly to call Mangan when it gets dark. Mangan who is a friend of the narrator usually teases her sister while the narrator keeps staring at her. The narrator begins to notice her physical characteristics. Every morning, he waits for her to leave so that he can walk behind her on the way to school.

One day, the girl finally speaks to the narrator. She asks him if he is going to Araby- an upcoming bazaar with Arabic themes.  She is unable to go; she has to attend a religious ritual on the weekend. So, the narrator promises that if he goes to the bazaar, he will find some gift for her.

The narrator gets permission from his uncle to attend the bazaar. The day finally arrives, and the boy reminds his uncle that he wishes to go to the bazaar the same night. His uncle promises him that he will come on time to give him money so that he can go to the bazaar.

However, the uncle of the narrator gets late that night. Due to which the boy gets disappointed. Finally, his uncle arrived drunk and late and tried to stop the narrator from going to the bazaar. For this, his uncle hesitates to give him coins. But ultimately he gives him some coins as his wife convinces him. The boy takes the money and heads off to the bazaar.

He arrives at the Araby market which is nearly closed, and the narrator’s idealized notions of the bazaar are abated. Most of the stalls are closed, and when he stops at the only shop opened. The girl at the shop is busy serving two young men in a flirtatious way. However, she doesn’t pay any particular attention to the narrator. 

This encounter destroys his vision of the Araby bazaar and his idealized vision of Mangan’s sister. He rethinks his romanticized ideas of love, and with shame and anger, he is left alone in the bazaar.

Themes

Escapism

Readers may find both Mangan’s sister and Araby market as an escape from the dull and ordinary life of Ireland in which the narrator is living. The narrator at first describes his mundane life. Then, Mangan’s sister becomes a mental escape for the narrator. 

He thinks of her every time even at places which are hostile for romance. Her thoughts take him away from his routine life. At some points, he could be seen daydreaming about that girl. Mangan’s sister soothes his mind when he is devastated by his mundane life.

Similarly, the narrator thinks of something foreign of Araby market. However, he found out that nothing in Araby market matches the description he made in his mind. He observes people speaking English. He noticed things there are not so foreign but all are just a thin veneer of exotics. In the end, he realizes that all his fantasies were just mistaken belief.

Religion and Catholicism

Throughout the story, one can see how the narrator is surrounded by catholic figures. He also attends a Catholic school. Catholicism plays a vital role in his upbringing. Moreover, he thinks of Mangan’s sister in religious terms and imagery. He is all linked with the Catholic religion. But all these points contradicted on the ground when he started idolizing Mangan’s sister. 

He explains her in religious terms. Given that, he thinks his studies are useless after falling in love with the girl. Explaining in light of this, it raises questions on the relationship of the narrator with religion.

Narrator’s infatuation and distraction as a result of his crush on Mangan’s sister suggest his weak faith. Joyce seems to criticize Catholicism and religion in the story. Also, the priest who was once a tenant at the narrator’s house provides the glimpses of weak faith or fake Catholicism. His belongings suggest his moral weakness, how he was inclined to read the works of crimes and romance which is not suitable for the priest.

However, the narrator’s journey towards self-realization suggests his return to religion. He admits his mistakes and felt guilty for his mistaken beliefs.

Coming of Age

The story is told through an adult perspective. One may find the language used to explain the youthful experiences of a grown man. It is elaborated from the protagonist’s behaviour towards his friends and family. He no longer enjoys playing outside and doesn’t laugh on lame jokes of his uncle. Rather, he builds up a defiant personality towards them.

Also, he develops a crush on a friend’s sister and starts praising her physical appearance. This tells about the budding sexuality of the narrator. Moreover, his desire to escape from his boredom and dull life also suggests his mature behavior. Though, the aforementioned things are the starting point towards his adulthood. His full-grown maturity is represented in the Araby market. 

There he realizes his mistaken beliefs. He gains knowledge about his naïveté that how he was trying to impress his crush through gifts. Also, how naively he developed a fanciful idea about the Araby market which in reality is in contrast.

Love and Sexuality

The narrator developing a crush on his friend’s sister thought of it as love. He started to think about her and praises his physical appearance though in religious terms yet it highlights his budding sexuality. He seems perturbed regarding the concept of love. At the end of the story, he realized that whatever he was thinking was wrong.

Characters Analysis

The Narrator

He is the protagonist of the story, a young imaginative boy. He lives with his uncle and aunt. He goes to a Catholic school and one may see how he is surrounded by catholic Irish world. He is in the habit of seeing and judging the world in religious terms and imagery.

Moreover, in the story, he falls in love with the older sister of his friend, Mangan. By falling in love with that girl, he lost all his interest, one being a child should have such as playing with friends and doing homework.

The narrator is so obsessed with religious imagery and terms that he sees his love in those terms. He is of the opinion that his love is like a prayer. At the same time, he also thinks of her as an escape from the oppression of the Irish world.

In order to gain her attention, he wants to buy a gift for her. For this, he goes to the bazaar and there he realizes his illusion of love. Also, he experiences the epiphany of his romantic ideas, his false concepts of the religious sense in terms of love and budding sexuality. 

At that time, all his delusions turn into disappointments. Hence, readers may assume it is his journey of self-realization.

The Narrator’s Uncle

He is the domineering figure in the life of the narrator. Also, he seems to provoke fear in the narrator and his friends when he returns from work to home. Moreover, readers may find him the man with bad manners i-e, drinking problems. He also owes money to a pawnbroker’s wife, Mrs Mercer.

Likewise, he doesn’t behave properly with the narrator. Speaking of which he let the narrator down by coming home late and drunk at the night on which the narrator was supposed to buy a gift for his love. Similarly, he also tries not to give money to the narrator but eventually, he gives him relentlessly.

The Narrator’s Aunt

She seems like a motherly figure to the narrator. She cares about the narrator and expresses her concern when he is going to Araby market late at night. She suggests to him that going that late isn’t a good idea. She uses religious terms while speaking in the story. However, in the end, she persuades the narrator’s uncle to allow him to visit the bazaar. This depicts her sympathetic nature before readers.

Mangan’s Sister

She is the older sister of the narrator’s friend, Mangan, with whom the narrator seems to fall in love. She shows up routinely to call her brother for tea when he is playing outside with friends. In the story, it is shown how she is interested in the Araby market. Due to her interest, the narrator seems like a gift for her in Araby market. However, no glimpses of love or interest are shown from the girl’s side for the narrator.

The Priest

He is the former tenant of the narrator’s house. He made his last breaths in the drawing-room of that house. Readers may find this character from his belongings that is mentioned by the narrator, which are still present at the house. 

His belongings include The Abbot (a romance novel by Sir Walter Scott), The Devout Communicant (a work of Catholic devotional literature), and The Memoirs of Vidocq (a detective’s memoir) in which the narrator takes particular interests.

Moreover, these books also exhibit the priest’s life that he is indulged after church in works which are non-religious. These books indicate his taste of reading which includes crimes and romance novels. This raises questions on the moral codes of the Catholic Church.

In his belongings, there is also something else included. The narrator states that it is a bicycle pump which is kept hidden. This throws light on the secret outside the life of priests.

Mrs. Mercer

She is the widow of a pawnbroker to whom the narrator’s uncle owes some money. For this, she waits for him to demand his money back on the night of Araby market. She seems to be a collector of postage stamps in order to sell it further to other collectors. In this way, she earns money for a religious cause.

Young Female Shopkeeper

She is a flirtatious character. Two men approached her stall, and the narrator noticed her act of flirting with those men. Also, he noticed her English accent and of the men she is talking to. The English accent of them contradicts the narrator’s fantasies which he was having about Araby market.

Moreover, she doesn’t pay heed to the narrator and talks to him in an absurd manner, which discourages the narrator from buying anything.  Further, her flirtation brings realization in the narrator about the silliness of the attempt to impress Mangan’s sister with a gift.

Literary Analysis

This story is written between 1905 and 1907 and it recounts tensions of Ireland under British control. At that time, Ireland was the colony of Britain and Irish people resented that. Consequently, a movement called nationalism was raised.

Joyce has tactfully highlighted those tensions and issues. In the story, it is evident how Joyce has portrayed Ireland as dull and troublesome. Also, the narrator of the story wants to flee from his real-world into his ideal world. 

Joyce has inserted the element of escapism so the readers may understand the perturbed situations of Ireland. The desire of the narrator’s escapism mirrors the political and social upheaval from which Joyce himself wants to flee.

Similarly, the images Joyce has drawn provide evidence of the tensions of those times. He has set the story in winter. It not just literally depicts the coldness but also highlights the degradation of society as an upheaval in the country. Moreover, the usage of dark imagery also supports the aforementioned issues.

Likewise, Joyce criticized the religious institution and the youth of his country. He rebukes the role of religious institutions they were performing. For instance, the figure of the priest in the story recounts the hypocrisy of religious institutions. The priest who is supposed to be abiding by rules was actually deviant or nonconformist . His inclination towards romance and criminal novels recounts the clandestine life he was living after church hours.

Similarly, the narrator also seems to follow religion in every aspect. However, he also mirrors his weak faith when he is inclined to sexual desires. This throws light on the moral degradation of society.

As well as, Joyce draws readers’ attention towards political tumult of those times. He alludes to certain terms like Donovan O’Rossa. This highlights the nationalist movement which brings civil war in the country in order to get rid of British colonialism. Also, the chanting of songs “come-all-you” mentioned in “Araby” express the spread of nationalist movement which back then was spread through songs at streets and pubs.

Moreover, people’s taste for materialistic gains is also shown. The narrator thinks buying a gift would be a better way of impressing Mangan’s sister. Also, Mangan’s sister desires for material objects from Araby market.

The story also recounts the narrator’s epiphany. At first, the narrator got astray from the path. He started walking on the road of materialism, sexual desires and delusions. He even thinks that his studies are of no use. He seems to fantasize about Mangan’s sister every time. 

However, in the end, all his beliefs proved wrong and Araby market brought the understanding of epiphany to the narrator. He once again seems to behold the support of religion which he has lost once.

Also, one can see the journey from naïveté towards maturity. Firstly, the narrator’s get stuck in the web of his mistaken beliefs. He thinks whatever his thoughts are they are true and pure. Those thoughts strike him as an escape from the real filthy world to the ideal world not only physically but mentally. Mangan’s sister provides him mental escape and the thoughts regarding Araby bazaar also provide him with an escape.

However, whatever he thought about Araby bazaar proved wrong. He thought it a place surrounded by Oriental things and people. However, he saw people speaking English there. He witnessed a flirtatious woman which also contradicts his ideals of romance. At that time, he seems to realize all his mistakes and that time mature thoughts probed into his mind. He admits his vain motives of impressing Mangan’s sister.

Significance of the Title

Joyce used this title to highlight the exoticism and ideals of romance in the story. It provides the glimpses of escapism. Similarly, it depicts the narrator’s longings of his life. However, Joyce also contradicts his title at the end of the story. The very Araby bazaar to which the narrator desperately wanted to visit, contradicts his mistaken beliefs. Also, it brings the understanding of his epiphany.

Setting

The time period of the short story is set in the 19th century. However, the location of the story is set in Dublin, Ireland. The narrator lives in North Richmond Street where he frequently plays with his friends.

Symbolism

Joyce has inserted the following symbols in the text:

Brown

The color brown is used multiple times in the story. The brown color emphasizes the dullness of Dublin. The narrator describes those things brown which appear to him dull. By using this symbol Joyce portrays house as brown, even Mangan’s sister as a “brown-clad figure” to represent the dull ordinary life.

It depicts how Dublin strikes irksome and uninteresting to the narrator both physically and mentally.

Blindness

The word blind is used repeatedly in the text. It symbolizes the narrator’s naïveté and isolation. The narrator’s house is situated at the blind end which suggests its lonesomeness from the other houses. Also, it foreshadows the narrator’s isolation from his friends and routinely life.

Moreover, the narrator is figuratively blinded by the infatuation of Mangan’s sister. This makes him a secluded person. Similarly, he gets blinded to the true concept of love and his mistaken beliefs.

Darkness

Joyce has used a great deal of light and darkness in the story. At first, darkness reveals the narrator’s dull life. The way he plays with his friends in a little lighted area. Also, the short days of winter depict the lack of enthusiasm in his life. Hence, darkness depicts his perturbed life and mentality.

However, in the end, the very darkness becomes the understanding of the narrator’s epiphany. When lights turned off at the Araby market the narrator started to stare at the darkness. At that time, he realized delusions and vain motives of impressing Mangan’s sister.

Imagery

Joyce draws a vivid picture of the location of the narrator’s abandoned house. He shows how detached it was from the row of other houses. The narrator says “An uninhabited house of two storeys stood at the blind end, detached from its neighbours in a square ground”. This represents the loneliness of the narrator as well.

Moreover, the narrator has religious imagery to draw the picture of Mangan’s sister before readers. The narrator imagines her every time no matter where he is. In the middle of the market and hustle and bustle, he conjures up her image. In his thoughts, Mangan’s sister strikes him as a spiritual image. 

At the same time, he also imagines himself as a knight protecting his pure love from enemies. The narrator says “I imagined that I bore my chalice safely through a throng of foes”.

Similarly, he drew a coarse picture of Dublin when he was visiting the market with his aunt. He depicts it full of hustle and bustle. However, the people and things present over there were agitating. Due to undisciplined people, he collides with the people. The narrator emphasizes ill-mannered people and the dirtiness of Dublin. He says “jostled by drunken men and bargaining women, amid the curses of labourers, the shrill litanies of shop-boys who stood on guard by the barrels of pigs’ cheeks”

Literary devices

Joyce has used the following literary devices in the text:

Metaphor, Personification and Simile

Joyce uses humanly attributes to describe the view of other houses. The narrator observes that houses are “conscious” of the people living in it. Also, he notices they “gaze” at each other.

Moreover, the narrator uses the metaphor of “imperturbable faces” to describe the unchanging and static position of houses.

Similarly, the narrator seems to be using similes in order to convey his emotions as he talked to his crush. He feels his body “like a harp” and her words strike him “like fingers running upon the wires”.

Hyperbole

The narrator has used exaggerated language to emphasize his excitement. This literary device is evident when he travels by train to Araby market.

When he gets on the train everything seems moving at snail’s pace to him due to his impatience. The narrator says “After an intolerable delay the train moved out of the station slowly“. Further, he uses the word “crept” for the train’s speed in order to show how slowly it was moving.

Allusion

Mostly, Joyce has used religious allusions in the text. At first, the narrator alluded to three books “The Abbot by Walter Scott”, “The Devout Communicant”, and “The Memoirs of Vidocq“.

Moreover, one can find religious allusions in the description of Mangan’s sister. The narrator portrays her as a “chalice”. It is an allusion to the cup used in the Christian act of communion, and by extension to the Holy Grail used by Jesus Christ. Further, the narrator alluded to the search of Holy Grail by connecting “chalice” with “throngs of foes“. This suggests how the narrator imagines his crush as a Holy figure before him.

In the same manner, the narrator also alluded to the biblical book of Genesis when he depicts his house with a Garden. He says that his house was previously occupied by a former priest and that time it contains a garden with an apple tree. This very example alluded to Adam and Eve who live in the Garden of Eden. They were sent to the Earth as a result of eating a forbidden fruit commonly known as an apple. By eating so, they also lost their innocence.

Furthermore, the narrator talks about O’Donovan Rossa. This provides the allusion to Irish Fenian leader and prominent figure of the Irish Republican Brotherhood. This provides the glimpses of nationalism and political tumult.

Foreshadowing

Joyce portrays the narrator’s house as the abandoned one from the row of other houses. With the help of this Joyce foreshadows the narrator’s seclusion in the text.

As well as, Joyce alluded to the Adam and Eve loss of innocence. By doing so, he foreshadows the narrator’s loss of innocence and budding sexuality.

Tone

At first, the narrator describes the settings and characters in a depressed and gloomy tone. Later on, the narrator seems to use a cheerful and hopeful tone. However, in the end, the tone changes into morose and sombre revealing the narrator’s epiphany.

Genre

Araby is a short story written in the realism genre.

Point of view

This story is told with a first-person narrative point of view.